Consumption of tuna for sashimi increased considerably since the 1970s. To meet Japanese demand for sashimi tuna, tuna are caught in seas around the world. Although the largest canned tuna market is the United States, because dealing prices for sashimi tuna are some 20 to 30 times greater than for canned tuna, tuna parts that can be used for sashimi are all brought into Japan. For this reason, the supply of tuna on the Japanese market exceeds demand.
With the increase in the availability of imported tuna have come decreases in their prices, turning tuna from high-quality food into everyday food. According to the "Annual Report of the Research on Household Economy (1997)," annual household consumption of fresh fish and shellfish declined from 50.6kg in 1977 to 40.2kg, but the share of tuna in overall consumption increased from 6.5% to 7.9%.
Tuna is also consumed in significant quantities by the food service industry. Consumption of fresh tuna is particularly high in this industry because of recent increases in the number of high quality but relatively inexpensive sushirestaurants.
International Resource ManagementThe decline in the quantity of species from which popular fatty meat can be obtained has created the need for resource conservation. Because there are no maritime boundaries, however, such measures cannot be implemented by any one nation. Relevant international agencies are implementing conservation measures including the establishment of a permit system for fisheries operation, introducing catch quantity controls, and setting fishing quotas by country.
Japanese Government MeasuresThe Japanese government takes the following action to meet conservation measures designated by international treaties:
First, tuna fisheries specified under Article 52, Clause 1 of the Fisheries Act for special fisheries control and conservation, meaning that tuna fisheries operations cannot be conducted without government approval. Fishing vessels are also required to submit reports on the quantities of their catch. In certain fishing zones, fishing vessels are required to submit such reports even during operation.
Japan also enacted the Ministerial Ordinance for the Permission and Regulation of Designated Fisheries to take measures against vessels that fly a flag of convenience and ignore resource conservation measures or against vessels that belong to countries that are not a member of international fisheries control agencies. Under this Ordinance, Japan reserves the right to take action against vessels operating without permission in sea zones designated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries if Japanese personnel are on board.
In addition, as the world's biggest tuna consumer, Japan takes actions such as establishing management agencies in sea zones where no international management exists. To clarify its stance on resource management and conservation, Japan has enacted the Law Concerning Special Measures to Strengthen the Conservation and Management of Tuna Resources.
Aquaculture and Species PropagationTo decrease the risk of fluctuation in catches and establish a stable supply, leading trading houses and distributors have joined fisheries organizations in increasing the quantity of aquacultured tuna handled.
Tuna aquaculture involves catching tuna of at most medium size and raising them at a fish preserve. Aquacultured tuna are relatively stable in quality, are priced reasonably, and can be supplied throughout the year. Typical aquacultured tuna include southern blue fin tuna from Australia and blue fin tuna from Croatia and Spain. There are also other attempts at aquaculture being made, but none to now have been practical.
Market EntryBefore Japanese market entry, importers must become aware of many requirements. Some tuna species are prohibited for import while others are subject to quarantine inspection. Dealers must become aware of what they are. There are also many other problems, some of which are as follows:
• Requirement of knowledge for selecting the appropriate species and distinguishing quality
• Requirement of knowledge and experience with market prices and procedures
• Need for obtaining reliable suppliers capable of maintaining a stable supply of fresh fish
• Difficulties in purchasing only the needed species in the needed quantities because almost all trading houses purchase an entire vessel of frozen tuna
• Need for considerable investment in preservation facilities before entering the wholesale market for frozen tuna, and need to secure routes and channels for buying and distribution for fresh tuna
• Difficulties for newcomers wishing to enter the market because relationships between suppliers and buyers run in most cases to many years
• Need for expertise and facilities for processing tuna for retail
ImportsFor marine products such as tuna, imports are defined as "goods that are carried into Japan as foreign goods." Tuna imports include tuna caught by vessels of foreign nationality outside Japanese territorial waters and then carried into Japan, or tuna caught by vessels of Japanese nationality that are landed first in other countries before they are brought into Japan. All other tuna are considered Japanese products, regardless of where they are caught.
Recent DevelopmentsConsumption of raw tuna has increased since the 1970s. To supplement Japanese production, imports of tuna have increased. Imports fluctuate yearly because of the resource's dependency on the natural environment, but they have held steady in recent years, ranging from between 360,000 tons and 390,000 tons.
Whole tuna (mostly "semi-dressed," i.e., without gills and entrails) accounts for 70% of total import volume, consisting of about 200,000 tons of fresh fish and between 60,000 and 70,000 tons of fresh fish. "Semi-dressed" fish, because they remain fresh a long time, are best for making sashimi and accounts for the main import demand. Meat fillets and fish meat are considered together; their imports have been increasing since 1993. Their increase is the result of decreased processing and transportation costs.
By species, yellow fin tuna and big-eyed tuna accounted for 80% of total import volume. Most of these tuna are imported frozen. Imports of blue fin tuna and southern blue fin tuna are small but increasing. The unit prices of these species are higher than others because they are in great demand as high-quality fish for sashimi. For this reason, twice as much of these species are imported fresh as are frozen. Volume of albacore or long-finned tuna imports is small, and most of these imports are used for making processed food.
Countries of OriginJapan is the world's largest market for tuna used to make sashimi. In 1998, Taiwan was the largest exporter of tuna to Japan, followed by the Republic of Korea. They each accounted for approximately 20% of total Japanese tuna imports. These two countries were followed by Indonesia, some flag of convenience countries (Honduras, Belize, etc.), Australia, Singapore, Spain, and the United States.
Taiwan and the Republic of Korea possess a large fleet of super low temperature tuna fishing vessels that together equal the size of the Japanese fleet. These fleets operate around the world, meaning that imports from Taiwan and the Republic of Korea are not only large in volume, but also rich in species. Most frozen tuna are imported from these two countries.
Indonesia also possesses similar fleets, but in recent years, the country has begun to make use of air transports of fresh tuna. Indonesia is Japan's largest source of fresh yellow fin tuna and big-eyed tuna. Australia, Spain, and the United States tend to deal in high quality tuna such as blue fin tuna and southern blue fin tuna.
Besides countries listed above, fresh tuna are imported from many other countries in Europe, the Americas, and the South Pacific. Fresh tuna are usually caught and taken to the nearest port, then air-freighted to Japan.
Share Accounted for by ImportsVolume of tuna imports began to increase about 20 years ago and have been steady in the last decade. Since domestic tuna production has been sluggish over the same period, the share accounted for by imported tuna has increased gradually, imports exceeding domestic production in 1996.
For blue fin tuna, southern blue fin tuna, big-eyed tuna, and yellow fin tuna, volume of imports about equals the volume of domestic production. Little of albacore or long-finned tuna are imported. About 40% of domestic albacore or long-finned tuna are exported.
Laws and RegulationsTuna imports are subject to the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act. Tuna are also subject to the Food Sanitation Law. Tuna imported from certain areas are also subject to the Quarantine Act. In addition, tuna are subject to resource conservation and management laws, including the Law for Regulation of Fishing Operation by Foreign Nationals and the Law Concerning Special Measures to Strengthen the Conservation and Management of Tuna Resources.
Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control ActImported tuna are subject to the following provisions under this Act:
Blue fin Tuna and Their Preparations from Belize, Honduras, or Panama
These products are designated as Import License Items by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) prohibits the import of fresh or frozen blue fin tuna from the above countries.
Import of Tuna (Excluding Albacore or Long-finned Tuna) by Vessels and Frozen Tuna
These products are designated as Advance Confirmation Items by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and require the importer to follow certain procedures. Importers must submit an application form for confirmation to the Agricultural and Marine Products, Office, International Trade Administration Bureau, Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The application form must be prepared according to the format shown in the "Ministry of International Trade and Industry Official Bulletin."
Fresh and Frozen Blue fin TunaThese products are designated as Customs Confirmation Items. A certificate of statistics must be submitted to customs during customs clearance. This certificate is issued by a confirmation agency of a tuna fishing vessel's flag country.
Food Sanitation LawWhen importing fresh, chilled, or frozen tuna, the importer must submit a "Notification Form for Importation of Foods, etc." along with other necessary documents to the quarantine station at the port of entry. Imports will be inspected at the bonded area or the quarantine station.
Carbon monoxide (CO), which artificially tinges tuna with a red color and gives it an appearance of freshness, is NOT permitted for use under Food Sanitation Law. Potential importers should note that if CO is detected, imports will not be permitted.
Types of sliced fish or shucked shellfish, including tuna, are subject to "Standards of Frozen Fresh Fish and Shellfish for Raw Consumption." According to this set of standards, the number of bacteria per gram of the inspected item must be less than 100,000 and its group of colon bacilli must be dormant.
Quarantine ActFresh fish and shellfish imported from cholera areas are subject to quarantine inspection under the Quarantine Act. Fresh, chilled, or frozen tuna are subject to quarantine inspection if they are imported from the following areas:
• Countries in Asia and Africa designated by the World Health Organization (WHO)
• Countries designated by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand)
ReferenceLaw for Regulation of Fishing Operation by Foreign Nationals
Permission is required from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in accordance with the Law for Regulation of Fishing Operation by Foreign Nationals if a foreign fishing vessel seeks to land in Japan with fish. Such permission is not required for fish shipped from a foreign country. Such shipments, however, still require a certificate of shipment issued by a government agency of the shipping country.
Law Concerning Special Measures to Strengthen the Conservation and Management of Tuna Resources
These products are designated as Customs Confirmation Items. A certificate of statistics must be submitted to customs during customs clearance. This certificate is issued by a confirmation agency of a tuna fishing vessel's flag country.
DistributionThe figure below illustrates the main import and distribution channels for fresh, chilled, and frozen tuna. Recent years have seen the emergence of distribution channels that bypass wholesale markets, but even in such cases, selling prices depend on the auction prices set at the wholesale markets. Importers and trading houses also frequently involve themselves with tuna purchasing and wholesaling. The leading trading houses also often purchase entire vessels of tuna.
Air transport dealers, on the other hand, range in size from small business operators to big businesses.
Industry ContactsJapan Fish Traders Association
No.2 Muneyasu Bldg., 1-23 Kandanisiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054
TEL: +81-3-5280-2891
Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries Cooperative Associations
The Katsuo-Maguro Hall, 2-3-22 Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073
TEL: +81-3-3264-6161
Source: Pacific Islands Center, the South Pacific Economic Exchange Support Centre (SPEESC)
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